Climate-Related Disclosure and Financial Performance: Which One is Affected by CEO Narcissism?
CEO Narcissism, Climate-Related Disclosure, Carbon Emission Disclosure, Environmental Performance, Financial Performance
Abstract
The financial sector has an essential role in the economy and acts as a catalyst in the transition toward economic sustainability. Consequently, the Financial Services Authority (OJK) periodically requires the banking sector to consistently report its financial performance through Financial Reports and its non-financial performance in Sustainability Reports. In this context, the CEO plays a pivotal role in strategic decision-making related to corporate performance, including financial reporting and sustainability disclosure. CEO narcissism is considered an individual psychological characteristic that significantly impacts organizational functions and corporate strategic decisions. This study investigates the impact of CEO narcissism on Climate-Related Disclosure and Financial Performance. Using a sample of 144 observations of banking and financing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for 2016–2022. This study uses the Fixed Effect Model as regression estimation model. The results show that CEO narcissism positively affects Climate-Related Disclosure whereas CEO narcissism has no effect on Financial Performance. The upper echelons theory states that CEO psychological characteristics impact organisational functions. This theory supports the relationship between CEO Narcissism and Climate-Related Disclosure that narcissistic CEOs tend to get a good reputation in the public as a leader who is responsive to environmental issues so they encourage the company to provide information related to GHG as a form of corporate responsibility, while in the financial performance, narcissistic CEO decisions are like double-edged sword that might lead either performance increasing or decreasig so the role of Corporate Governance is needed to control CEO decisions which bring beneficial to the company.
Downloads
References
Amernic, J., & Craig, R. (2022). Evaluating assertions by a Wells Fargo CEO of a ‘return to ethical conduct.’ Leadership, 18, 174271502110643. https://doi.org/10.1177/17427150211064397
Baby, A., Mia, M. A., & Pitchay, A. A. (2024). A systematic review of financial performance in the manufacturing industry. Future Business Journal, 10(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-024-00353-1
Bayaraa, B. (2017). Financial performance determinants of organizations: The case of Mongolian companies. Journal of Competitiveness, 9(3), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2017.03.02
Bekos, G., & Chari, S. (2024). Upper Echelons Theory: A review. In TheoryHub Book.
Bildirici, M. E., Ersin, Ö. Ö., & Fidan, S. S. (2024). Long and short-run impacts of CEO narcissism on the nexus between financial performance and environmental and social governance: Evidence from new quantile-based panel cointegration and causality techniques. Journal of Cleaner Production, 451, 142075. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142075
Brunell, A. B., Gentry, W. A., Campbell, W. K., Hoffman, B. J., Kuhnert, K. W., & Demarree, K. G. (2008). Leader emergence: the case of the narcissistic leader. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(12), 1663–1676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208324101
Brunzel, J. (2021). Overconfidence and narcissism among the upper echelons: a systematic literature review. In Management Review Quarterly (Vol. 71, Issue 3). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00194-6
Buchholz, F., Lopatta, K., & Maas, K. (2020). The Deliberate Engagement of Narcissistic CEOs in Earnings Management. Journal of Business Ethics, 167(4), 663–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04176-x
Buyl, T., Boone, C., & Wade, J. B. (2019). CEO Narcissism, Risk-Taking, and Resilience: An Empirical Analysis in U.S. Commercial Banks. Journal of Management, 45(4), 1372–1400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317699521
Candy, C., & Delfina, D. (2023). CEO Narcissism and CEO Overconfidence on Firm Performance: The Role of Capital Structure as Mediating Variable. Jurnal Keuangan Dan Perbankan, 27(2), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v27i2.9767
Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. (2004). Upper Echelons Research Revisited: Antecedents, Elements, and Consequences of Top Management Team Composition. Journal of Management, 30(6), 749–778. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.001
Chang, L., Liang, R., Zhang, J., Yan, X., Tao, H., & Zhu, T. (2023). Narcissistic CEOs, dynamic capability, and green innovation. Heliyon, 9(8), e18898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18898
Chatterjee, A., & Hambrick, D. (2007). It’s All about Me: Narcissistic Chief Executive Officers and Their Effects on Company Strategy and Performance. Administrative Science Quarterly - ADMIN SCI QUART, 52, 351–386. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.52.3.351
Chatterjee, A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2011). Executive personality, capability cues, and risk taking: How narcissistic ceos react to their successes and stumbles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56(2), 202–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839211427534
Chen, W. (Tina), Zhou, G. (Stephen), & Zhu, X. (Kevin). (2019). CEO tenure and corporate social responsibility performance. Journal of Business Research, 95, 292–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.08.018
Chin, M. K., Hambrick, D., & Trevino, L. (2013). Political Ideologies of CEOs The Influence of Executives’ Values on Corporate Social Responsibility. Administrative Science Quarterly, 58, 197–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839213486984
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, 3rd ed. In Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, 3rd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Cragun, O. R., Olsen, K. J., & Wright, P. M. (2020). Making CEO Narcissism Research Great: A Review and Meta-Analysis of CEO Narcissism. Journal of Management, 46(6), 908–936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319892678
Dabbebi, A., Lassoued, N., & Khanchel, I. (2022). Peering through the smokescreen: ESG disclosure and CEO personality. Managerial and Decision Economics, 43(7), 3147–3164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3587
Datta, S., & Iskandar-Datta, M. (2014). Upper‐echelon executive human capital and compensation: Generalist vs specialist skills. Strategic Management Journal, 35(12), 1853–1866. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2267
Fahmi, I. (2018). Analisis Kinerja Keuangan: Panduan Bagi Akademisi, Manajer dan Investor untuk Menilai dan Menganalisis Bisnis dari Aspek Keuangan. Alfabeta.
Fionita, I., Lestari, N. T., Situmorang, K. S., & ... (2022). The Influence of CEO Narcissism on Financial Performance with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a Mediating Variable. Proceeding …. https://jurnal.darmajaya.ac.id/index.php/icitb/article/view/3391
Friske, W., Hoelscher, S. A., & Nikolov, A. N. (2023). The impact of voluntary sustainability reporting on firm value: Insights from signaling theory. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 51(2), 372–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-022-00879-2
García-Sánchez, I. M., Ali, R., & Rehman, R. ur. (2023). Is there a complementary or a substitutive relationship between climate governance and analyst coverage? Its effect on climate disclosure. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(6), 3445–3464. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3310
Giacomin, M., & Jordan, C. (2016). Self-focused and Feeling Fine: Assessing State Narcissism and its Relation to Well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.04.009
GRI 305, G. S. S. B. (2016). Gri 305: emisi 2016. Gri, 1–26.
Grijalva, E., Harms, P. D., Newman, D. A., Gaddis, B. H., & Fraley, R. C. (2015). Narcissism and Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Review of Linear and Nonlinear Relationships. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12072
Gupta, G., Mahakud, J., & Debata, B. (2018). Impact of CEO’s characteristics on investment decisions of Indian listed firms: Does crisis make any difference? Cogent Economics and Finance, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1439258
Ham, C., Seybert, N., & 王相生相生. (2018). Narcissism is a bad sign: CEO signature size, investment, and performance. Review of Accounting Studies, 23, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-017-9427-x
Hambrick, D. C. (2018). Upper Echelons Theory BT - The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management (M. Augier & D. J. Teece (eds.); pp. 1782–1785). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_785
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. The Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/258434
Haque, F. (2017). The effects of board characteristics and sustainable compensation policy on carbon performance of UK firms. The British Accounting Review, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2017.01.001
Homroy, S., & Slechten, A. (2019). Do Board Expertise and Networked Boards Affect Environmental Performance? Journal of Business Ethics, 158(1), 269–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3769-y
Hong, J. K., Lee, J. H., & Roh, T. (2022). The effects of CEO narcissism on corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility. Managerial and Decision Economics, 43(6), 1926–1940. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3500
Jonwall, R., Gupta, S., & Pahuja, S. (2023). A comparison of investment behavior, attitudes, and demographics of socially responsible and conventional investors in India. Social Responsibility Journal, 19(6), 1123–1141. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-08-2021-0358
Kashmiri, S., Gala, P., & Nicol, C. D. (2019). Seeking pleasure or avoiding pain: Influence of CEO regulatory focus on firms’ advertising, R&D, and marketing controversies. Journal of Business Research, 105, 227–242. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.08.022
Kasmir. (2018). Analisis Laporan Keuangan. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Kim, E., Suyon, K., & Jaehong, L. (2021). Do foreign investors affect carbon emission disclosure? Evidence from South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910097
Kim, S., Sambharya, R. B., & Yang, J. S. (2016). Do CEOs exercise managerial discretion to save their jobs? Journal of Management and Governance, 20(1), 179–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-014-9300-2
Kim, S., Sambharya, R., & Yang, J. (2014). Do CEOs exercise managerial discretion to save their jobs? Journal of Management & Governance, 20, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-014-9300-2
Kind, F. L., Zeppenfeld, J., & Lueg, R. (2023). The impact of chief executive officer narcissism on environmental, social, and governance reporting. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(7), 4448–4466. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3375
Larcker, D. F., O’Reilly, C. A., Tayan, B., & Zakolyukina, A. A. (2021). Are narcissistic CEOs all that bad? Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University Working Paper Forthcoming, 1–10. https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2021/10/25/are-narcissistic-ceos-all-that-bad/
Lassoued, N., & Khanchel, I. (2023). Voluntary CSR disclosure and CEO narcissism: the moderating role of CEO duality and board gender diversity. In Review of Managerial Science (Vol. 17, Issue 3). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00555-3
Lee, J. (2021). Ceo overconfidence and voluntary disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions: With a focus on the role of corporate governance. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116054
Lewis, B. W., Walls, J. L., & Dowell, G. W. S. (2014). Difference in degrees: CEO characteristics and firm environmental disclosure. Strategic Management Journal, 35(5), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2127
Li, Y., Gong, M., Zhang, X.-Y., & Koh, L. (2018). The impact of environmental, social, and governance disclosure on firm value: The role of CEO power. The British Accounting Review, 50(1), 60–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2017.09.007
Lin, F., Lin, S.-W., & Fang, W.-C. (2020). How CEO narcissism affects earnings management behaviors. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 51, 101080. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2019.101080
Liu, X. (2023). A Literature Review on Upper Echelons Theory. SHS Web Conf: 4th International Symposium on Frontiers of Economics and Management Science (FEMS 2023), 169, 01067. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316901067
Mansuri. (2016). Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda Menggunakan Eviews. Workshop Ekonometrika. Universitas Borobudur.
Marquez-Illescas, G., Zebedee, A. A., & Zhou, L. (2019). Hear Me Write: Does CEO Narcissism Affect Disclosure? Journal of Business Ethics, 159(2), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3796-3
Martínez-Ferrero, J., Lozano, M. B., & Vivas, M. (2021). The impact of board cultural diversity on a firm’s commitment toward the sustainability issues of emerging countries: The mediating effect of a CSR committee. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(2), 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2080
Monasterolo, I., Battiston, S., Janetos, A. C., & Zheng, Z. (2017). Vulnerable yet relevant: the two dimensions of climate-related financial disclosure. Climatic Change, 145(3–4), 495–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2095-9
Nevicka, B., Ten Velden, F. S., De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Van Vianen, A. E. M. (2011). Reality at odds with perceptions: narcissistic leaders and group performance. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1259–1264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417259
O’Reilly, C. A., Caldwell, D. F., Chatman, J. A., & Doerr, B. (2014). The Promise and Problems of Organizational Culture: CEO Personality, Culture, and Firm Performance. Group and Organization Management, 39(6), 595–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601114550713
OJK. (2024). Climate risk management & scenario analysis perbankan 2024 Buku #1. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan.
Olsen, K. J., Dworkis, K. K., & Young, S. M. (2014). CEO Narcissism and Accounting: A Picture of Profits. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 26(2), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.2308/jmar-50638
Patel, P. C., & Cooper, D. (2014). The harder they fall, the faster they rise: Approach and avoidance focus in narcissistic CEOs. Strategic Management Journal, 35(10), 1528–1540. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2162
Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2017). POJK No. 51 /POJK.03/2017 tentang penerapan keuangan berkelanjutan bagi lembaga jasa keuangan, emiten, dan perusahaan publik. 1–15.
Peters, G. F., & Romi, A. M. (2014). Does the Voluntary Adoption of Corporate Governance Mechanisms Improve Environmental Risk Disclosures? Evidence from Greenhouse Gas Emission Accounting. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(4), 637–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1886-9
Petrenko, O. V., Aime, F., Ridge, J., & Hill, A. (2016). Corporate social responsibility or CEO narcissism? CSR motivations and organizational performance. Strategic Management Journal, 37(2), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2348
Pham, L., Hay, D., Miihkinen, A., Myllymäki, E. R., Niemi, L., & Sihvonen, J. (2024). Climate risk disclosures and auditor expertise. British Accounting Review, June. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2024.101439
Reina, C. S., Zhang, Z., & Peterson, S. J. (2014). CEO grandiose narcissism and firm performance: The role of organizational identification. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(5), 958–971. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.06.004
Shan, B., Liu, X., Chen, B., & Ma, J. (2023). CEO narcissism and corporate performance in China. China Economic Review, 79, 101970. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2023.101970
Shrestha, N. (2020). Detecting Multicollinearity in Regression Analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 8(2), 39–42. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-8-2-1
Tarus, D. K., & Korir, F. J. (2023). Does CEO narcissism matter? An examination of the relationship between board structure and earnings management in Kenya. PSU Research Review, 8(3), 845–871. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-07-2022-0089
Van Scotter, J. R., & De Déa Roglio, K. (2020). CEO bright and dark personality: Effects on ethical misconduct. Journal of Business Ethics, 164(3), 451–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4061-5
Widarjono, A. (2009). Ekonometrika Teori dan Aplikasi untuk Ekonomi dan Bisnis (2nd ed.). Ekonisia UII.
Zainol, Z. (2020). CEO narcissism and CSR reporting in Malaysian public listed companies. Global Business & Management Research, 12(4), 246–251. http://gbmrjournal.com/pdf/v12n4/V12N4-23.pdf
Zarefar, A., Agustia, D., & Soewarno, N. (2022). Bridging the Gap between Sustainability Disclosure and Firm Performance in Indonesian Firms: The Moderating Effect of the Family Firm. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912022
Zhou, W., & Wang, Y. (2014). An Empirical Study for Corporate Risk Index: CEO Characteristics Affecting Corporate Risk-Taking. Journal of Applied Sciences, 14, 3520–3525. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123750619
Zhu, D. H., & Chen, G. (2015). NARCISSISM, DIRECTOR SELECTION, AND RISK-TAKING SPENDING. Strategic Management Journal, 36(13), 2075–2098. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43898058